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Ivy Matt wrote: In a recent interview conducted by TIME, Stephen Hawking talks briefly about Einstein, relativity, and black holes:

The field equations of his theory of relativity imply that a large star or cloud of gas would collapse in on itself and form a black hole. Einstein was aware of this but somehow managed to convince himself that something like an explosion would always occur to throw off mass and prevent the formation of a black hole. What if there was no explosion?

He also mentions fusion power as a scientific advancement he’d like to see in his lifetime. 🙂

Yes, I love that you brought up the issue of Einstein not thinking Black Holes (although in his life-time that term did not yet exist but the concept did) exist. I remember on Stephen Crother’s site that he has a referrence to a paper by some german physicist (not a famous one) that worked on the problem of BH creation. In the paper the physicist showed that BH’s are NOT a prediction of GR, that in fact, just like I have been saying, GR predicts that BH’s should never exist. I wish I could give a referrence but my memory fails me here.

As far as the question of “what if there was no explosion?” goes, the current physics implies there always will be one. Another paper of more recent origin questioned the BH idea by showing that if one has an astronomical body like the ones that astronomers think are BH’s, you have the problem that eventually a relativistic pressure shockwave would form that would not allow matter and energy to fall into the region.

My own take, seriously, think about it for a minute. Even if I thought GR predicted BH’s all that would say to me is that GR must fail as a physical theory somewhere inside the event-horizon. It would be like the ultra-violate catastrophe (this is how some physicists think about it too) showing that EM theory and Thermodynamics break down for a simple Blackbody radiator — QM was the answer. Fortunately for GR as a theory it does not break down in such a dramatic fashion for the problem of high energy-density situations.

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vansig wrote: refresh my memory. if black holes cannot exist,
what halts the collapse of a massive object, > 4 M[Sol]?

To explain it would require me teaching you my paper or giving it to you and learning it yourself as long as you know enough to follow an article on GR, which I admit, is perfectly possible. The short and the skinny of it is that the conventional solution to the simplest exact problem in GR (known erroneously as The Schwarzschild Solution when it is really The Hilbert Solution) that can be solved is not physical and should therefore only be considered as a kind of pseudo-solution, the same way that the Electric Field of a point charge is not really the Electric Field of an electron, because that is silly.

I give in the paper a solution of a static ball of constant in time and space within a particular region of a two-region stress-energy tensor to model the gravitational system of a sphere made up of rigid homogenous material in an otherwise empty universe. This stress-energy tensor is expressed as a two-part matrix equation. Solving this problem I show that it gives a two-part solution for the metric. I use this two-part solution to critique The Hilbert Solution by showing that for The Me Solution there are no event-horizons or singularities. I show how the conventional view is conceptually mistaken in the same way that one would mike a conceptual error if the Electric Field of a Sphere of constant charge density were “solved” but the erroneous solution is the solution for outside of the sphere incorrectly applied to the whole space. I conjecture that real physical-like solutions to GR never have singularities or event-horizons. That having either singularities or event-horizons is the sign of a pathological solution that is unphysical. All singularities and event-horizons are clothed.

Finally, what you are interested in. Since light can always escape any gravitating system no matter how strong it is as long as the system does not create an event horizon (this is proveable too), and the system I have has no event-horizons (or worse, singularities), what does happen when gravity just keeps crushing down on some huge mass? Well, from Particle Physics we know that the probability for the particles to start colliding, creating huge sprays of new particles, becomes much greater. A fair fraction of the possible interactions though involves creating Bosons. The bosons will escape the pull of the gravity due to the hyperbolic nature of even curved space-time and so while nothing halts the collapse what-so-ever (some other force or something) the material itself that allows the collapse fizzles away in the form of massless but highly energetic particles. People talk about BH evaporation and I say BH’s do not exist, so what does happen then? Simple (in a complex sense), you get Fermion evaporation. Matter particles (Fermions) rapidly collide trying to create bosons to releave the stress of gravity and by the laws of physics they are always guaranteed to succeed. So, large masses that are undergoing unrestrained gravitational collapse eventually enter a stage I call Matter Evaporation. It is somewhat similar to evaporation too in the real world. It is at the interface (the current surface of the sphere) that I would expect the “phase-transition” to occur. Matter there would allow light to escape, thus reducing the strain of gravity on the system. Eventually, depending on how the physics works out, you might get a Fermionic Condensate or just have the matter all blow apart, I really can not say for sure, but those two possibilities seem the most logical ending points given what the solid physics is that is currently known about the subject.

Hope that helps.

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The problem with Black Holes is that scientists think they exist because they think they are a prediction of general relativity. The purported properties of Black Holes though cause serious problems in showing they exist. You would have to show that particles or other masses entering the BH have the property of infinite clock-maker time to enter the BH horizon. Another problem would be that you would need to show that one could legitimately expect a singularity to exist, but since no observer could report getting to the singularity — since the observer would be supposedly destroyed in the process, and any such observer could not expect to report their findings once past the event horizon of the BH, the theory of BH’s is non-falsifiable.

So Astronomers find a volume of space with sufficient energy-density and report a BH. The only thing they should be really allowed to report in all honesty is a region of space with such and such an energy density. The BH part only comes from theory.

The theory behind BH’s is flawed however. Stephen Crothers has shown that the math behind one of the simpler types of BH’s is not what the Astronomers say it is. History plays a part as well. My main complaint about the GR solutions that purport to show that BH’s come from GR is that they do not follow in the best traditions of physics. Let me explain why next.

Consider the following problem. One has a sphere of matter that has constant charge density. Say you want to know what the Electric Field is. Using Gauss’s Law we know that inside the sphere the E-field goes like r (where r is the distance from the radius of the sphere in question). Outside the sphere the E-field goes like 1/r^2. This makes good physics sense since the E-field does not blow up anywhere. Inside the sphere the E-field goes to zero where we would expect it to (at the center where by symmetry arguments we know it should be zero) and outside of the sphere the E-field goes to zero at infinity because of the square-inverse of the dependence of the E-field there (also expected physics wise).

This solution is a two-part solution. Now let’s look at how Schwarzschild’s (really Hilbert’s Solution) does things. It says the metric has a certain form for the whole of the BH. There is no two-part solution! This is a problem because one should expect at least initially for there to be a two part solution to the metric, that being inside matter and outside matter. So in analogy with the sphere of constant charge it is like as if Gauss predicted a one-part solution to the sphere of constant charge (the outside part) and incorrectly applied it equally to the inside part where it would cause a charge singularity.

I am writing a paper on exactly this and hope to present it some time soon. Of course this topic can be complicated by all sorts of considerations but seriously think about Einstein for a second. It was only after he died and after Oppenheimer et. al wrote a paper on spherical collapse of dust (using computers to simulate it if I remember correctly) that the Astronomical Community came to believe in BH’s. I seriously question whether Einstein did not think of this very possibility and reject it based on his or someone else’s calculations. I say this because Einstein was very conservative when it came to his theories. If he saw a singularity in his math he would have most likely been one of the first to cast doubt on GR. He did not. I guess you can take that as you please but to me it is pretty damning.

I do not like seeing PC/EU advocates bash GR. I submit that the problem with the Astrophysics Community is not so much that they think GR is corect but that collectively they have made erroneous predictions using GR (as well as just not being able to admit the highly electromagnetic nature of Astronomical Phenomena that should be obvious if you know Plasma Physics, and this even after it has been pointed out to them).

So, gristle for your thoughts.

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Well, I would not expect the wikipedia article to have much in the way about complaints of magnetic reconnection (the main thing I am looking for here). That quote I got off of plasma cosmology.net and I thought it was one of the talking points in PC/EU. I am more or less looking for a clear understanding of all the various viewpoints as well as maybe some related analysis.

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I thought Hannes Alfven said that magnetic reconnection is pseudo-science. What is the deal with Magnetic Reconnection anyways? Is it pseudo-science? If so, why? Time to do some research.

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“”” G’day

Is anybody French.

I do not want to insult Frogs so to speak.

What ever happened to the BBT? “””

A frog ate it. It was on a tortoise so it is all good.

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I have been to all of those sites many times. I like that the first one starts with the 99.999% information.

Good Job.

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I read somewhere that GR should not be applicable to the large-scale structure of the universe because Omega Lambda without the ad hoc hypothetical Dark Matter/Energy is too small. If direct measurement of Omega Lambda is small, which it is, this implies GR should have no effect in the universe at large using only matter that can reasonably be known to exist. So the situation is a circular one for the BB theory. To the BB advocate, GR must work on the large scale. The price to be paid for this is additional energy. The additional energy though can only be modeled using GR.

If however one just starts off with known matter (plasma) obeying known laws (plasma physics) then one gets Plasma Cosmology. Seems like a much simpler solution to me. I would love it if someone here could shed more light on this topic however.

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